Anatomy and Physiology Guided Reading Chapter 1-The Human Organism 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy- study of body.Physiology-study of nature. JAYO SAYS ANATOMY IS STUDY OF STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY IS STUDY OF HOW THE BODY WORKS 2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself. chemical - atoms to form molecules, cell level - molecules from organelles that make up cells, tissue - similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues, organ level - tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder, organ system level - urinary kidney, organism level - organ systems make up an organism
molecules - cells - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system. i. integumentary system - provides protection, reulates body temperature, prevents the loss of water, and it makes vitamin D. ( skin, hair, nails, sweat glands )
ii. skeletal system - protection provider and support, alllows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals/fat. ( cartilages, ligaments, joints )
iii. muscular system - produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat. ( muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons )
iv. lymphatic system - removes bad substances from your blood and lymphs. It fights disease, and maintains tissue fluid balance. Also it absorbs fats from the digestive tract. ( Lyphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs )
v. respiratory system - exchanges oxogen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air. It regulates blood PH. ( lungs and respiratory passages )
vi. digestive system - performs the machanical and chemical processes of the digestion, it absorbs nutrients eliminates wastes. ( mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs )
vii. nervous system - dectects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and your intellegence functions ( brainl, spine, nerves, sensory receptors )
ix. endocrine system - a major regulartory system that causes matabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions. ( glands such as: pituitary, which secretes hormones )
x. cardiovascular system - transports nutrients, wastes products, gasses and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in immune responce and regulation of body temperature. ( heart, blood, vessels )
xi. urine - removes wastes products from blood, and regulates blood PH, iron balance and water
( kidney, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urines )
4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range.-Homeostasis is a relatively constant environment in the body.The graph represents homeostasis by showing small fluctuations around the set point while staying in the normal range. - its the balance the body needs to maintain the right functions and be healthy, as the graph shows the normal range is all the blue, if it goes out of the blue, then the body must not be preforming the correct homeostasis
5. What is a negative feedback mechanism?-Any deviation from the set point that is resisted or made smaller.its when you do something to reverse the change for example: the maintenance of normal blood pressure. 6. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each?-receptor= monitors the value of variable ( dectects increased blood pressure ) -control center= set point of variable ( Part of your brain )-effector= changes value ( heart ) 7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.3. blood pressure decreases below its normal range 4. receptors in blood vessels detect a drop in blood pressure 5. medulla oblongata in the brain reacts to blood pressure changes by sending messages to blood vessels and heart 6 & 1. heart rate increases, smooth muscle in the arteries around the body contracts and arteries get narrow. 2. blood pressure is increased
Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.
8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following: i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range? -blood pressure and homeostasis
ii. What are the receptors that detect this change?
- thermoreceptors JAYO SAYS INCORRECT, THEY ARE BARORECEPTORS
iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes?
- medulla oblongata
iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range? -changes value of variable -sends message to control center JAYO SAYS ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION NEEDS TO BE BETTER
9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy? the thermostat goes to low or to high and then it cost more money and it gets to hot in the house or to cold depending on if it went up or down. the effector is the air because it controlls what the thermostat is goin to say and the tempo itself is the control. JAYO SAYS WATCH SPELLING AND NEEDS BETTER EXPLANATION
10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback? -positive feedback= deviation of normal value happens, the system wants to make deviation bigger. -can result in death - your adding ( most positive feedback is bad but not all ), for example giving birth and having contractions is positive feedback but its not bad.
11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following: i. Blood loss ii. Decreased blood pressure iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart iv. blood pressure decreases more.
12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain. -uterus stretching during birth -contractions
Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology. 13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe. -face forward -palms up
14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone?
- supine= facing up -prone= facing down
15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent. -membranes that surround organs -visceral is the inner layer while the parietal is the outter layerJAYO SAYS WHERE IS FIST ANALOGY
16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding: i. The heart?
- pericardium ii. The lungs?
- pleura iii. The abdominal organs?
- peritoneum 17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words) i. #1 -both negative and positive; D
ii. #2 -negative feedback
iii. #3lateral to the nose: the heart is lateral to the breastbone : the forarm is distal to arm: ear = proximal to brain
iv. #5
proximal to ring
v. #6 left lower quadrant, in the left lumber region
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy- study of body.Physiology-study of nature. JAYO SAYS ANATOMY IS STUDY OF STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY IS STUDY OF HOW THE BODY WORKS
2. Write down the six levels of structural and functional organization from smallest to largest. Use the diagram on page 3 to guide yourself.
chemical - atoms to form molecules, cell level - molecules from organelles that make up cells, tissue - similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues, organ level - tissues combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder, organ system level - urinary kidney, organism level - organ systems make up an organism
molecules - cells - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
3. Write down the 11 organ systems in the body and a brief description of the main functions of that system as well as which organs are part of that system.
i. integumentary system - provides protection, reulates body temperature, prevents the loss of water, and it makes vitamin D. ( skin, hair, nails, sweat glands )
ii. skeletal system - protection provider and support, alllows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals/fat. ( cartilages, ligaments, joints )
iii. muscular system - produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat.
( muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons )
iv. lymphatic system - removes bad substances from your blood and lymphs. It fights disease, and maintains tissue fluid balance. Also it absorbs fats from the digestive tract.
( Lyphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs )
v. respiratory system - exchanges oxogen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air. It regulates blood PH. ( lungs and respiratory passages )
vi. digestive system - performs the machanical and chemical processes of the digestion, it absorbs nutrients eliminates wastes.
( mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs )
vii. nervous system - dectects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and your intellegence functions ( brainl, spine, nerves, sensory receptors )
ix. endocrine system - a major regulartory system that causes matabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions. ( glands such as: pituitary, which secretes hormones )
x. cardiovascular system - transports nutrients, wastes products, gasses and hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in immune responce and regulation of body temperature.
( heart, blood, vessels )
xi. urine - removes wastes products from blood, and regulates blood PH, iron balance and water
( kidney, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urines )
4. What is homeostasis? How does the graph below represent the concept of homeostasis? Use the terms set point and normal range.-Homeostasis is a relatively constant environment in the body.The graph represents homeostasis by showing small fluctuations around the set point while staying in the normal range. - its the balance the body needs to maintain the right functions and be healthy, as the graph shows the normal range is all the blue, if it goes out of the blue, then the body must not be preforming the correct homeostasis
5. What is a negative feedback mechanism?-Any deviation from the set point that is resisted or made smaller.its when you do something to reverse the change for example: the maintenance of normal blood pressure.
6. What are the 3 components of the negative feedback mechanism and what is a description of each?-receptor= monitors the value of variable ( dectects increased blood pressure ) -control center= set point of variable ( Part of your brain )-effector= changes value ( heart )
7. Use the diagram on page 8 to complete the exercise below. Choose a statement on the right side and write down the number next to that statement on the text boxes on the left in the correct order.3. blood pressure decreases below its normal range
4. receptors in blood vessels detect a drop in blood pressure
5. medulla oblongata in the brain reacts to blood pressure changes by sending messages to blood vessels and heart
6 & 1. heart rate increases, smooth muscle in the arteries around the body contracts and arteries get narrow.
2. blood pressure is increased
Color the box with the receptor RED, color the box with the control center GREEN and color the box with the effector(s) BLUE in the chart above.
8. Provide another example of negative feedback in your body. For that example answer the following:
i. What is the change in your body that goes outside the normal range?
-blood pressure and homeostasis
ii. What are the receptors that detect this change?
-
thermoreceptors JAYO SAYS INCORRECT, THEY ARE BARORECEPTORS
iii. What area of the brain is the control center that receives these changes and orders the effectors to react to these changes?
-
medulla oblongata
iv. What are the effectors and what do they do to restore values back to the normal range?
-changes value of variable
-sends message to control center JAYO SAYS ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION NEEDS TO BE BETTER
9. Some people say that negative feedback is like the thermostat in your house keeping the temperature in your house at a certain level. Explain how the thermostat in your house is like negative feedback. Explain what happens when the temperature goes below and/or above the temperature that you set on your thermostat. What are the effectors in this analogy? What is the control center in this analogy?
the thermostat goes to low or to high and then it cost more money and it gets to hot in the house or to cold depending on if it went up or down. the effector is the air because it controlls what the thermostat is goin to say and the tempo itself is the control. JAYO SAYS WATCH SPELLING AND NEEDS BETTER EXPLANATION
10. What is positive feedback? is it different from negative feedback?
-positive feedback= deviation of normal value happens, the system wants to make deviation bigger.
-can result in death
- your adding ( most positive feedback is bad but not all ), for example giving birth and having contractions is positive feedback but its not bad.
11.. Positive feedback can be and often is harmful to your body and can result in death. Explain how blood loss can trigger a positive feedback mechanism that can result in death. Use the graph below to guide your answer. Include the following:
i. Blood loss
ii. Decreased blood pressure
iii. Decreased amount of blood reaching the heart
iv. blood pressure decreases more.
12. What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism that is actually beneficial and normal in our bodies? Explain.
-uterus stretching during birth
-contractions
Terminology that helps you visualize and communicate the location of organs and regions in the body is invaluable for a health professional to know in order to be successful. The following questions are designed to make you familiar with that terminology.
13. If I told you to stand in the anatomical position, how would you stand? Describe.
-face forward
-palms up
14.If I told you to lay supine, how would you lie? What about prone?
-
supine= facing up
-prone= facing down
15. What are serous membranes? What is the difference between the visceral and parietal membranes? Explain how a serous membrane surrounding an organ is like your fist being pushed through an inflated balloon. Explain what the fist and different layers of the balloon represent.
-membranes that surround organs
-visceral is the inner layer while the parietal is the outter layerJAYO SAYS WHERE IS FIST ANALOGY
16 What are the names of the serous membranes surrounding:
i. The heart?
-
pericardium
ii. The lungs?
-
pleura
iii. The abdominal organs?
-
peritoneum
17. Complete the following questions from the Critical Thinking section on page 18 (answers must be in your own words)
i. #1
-both negative and positive; D
ii. #2
-negative feedback
iii. #3lateral to the nose: the heart is lateral to the breastbone : the forarm is distal to arm: ear = proximal to brain
iv. #5
proximal to ring
v. #6
left lower quadrant, in the left lumber region
vi. #8
Peridal, pleural, space, viseral pleural, lung, vseral plerua, pleural space, perietal pleura, parietal pericardium, pericardial space, viseral pericard.., heart
vii. #9yes a kidney can be removed by punctureing the peritoneum because that surrounds the heart Brittney-bluesam-purple